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Loss of domain (LOD) is a critical concept in hernia surgery, referring to the displacement of abdominal contents between a hernia sac and the remaining abdominopelvic cavity. Large ventral hernias, often resulting from factors like intra-abdominal sepsis and prior laparotomies, pose significant challenges due to their size and complexity. As the hernia enlarges over time, anatomical and physiological changes occur, including retraction and fibrosis of abdominal muscles, leading to decreased intra-abdominal pressure and respiratory dysfunction.
The consequences of LOD extend beyond anatomical changes. Portal venous stasis can lead to bowel edema and ischemia, exacerbating complications such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. Malalignment of muscles and reduced intra-abdominal pressure can also result in chronic back pain. These effects were first elucidated by Rives in 1973, termed "eventration disease."
Addressing large ventral hernias requires a multidisciplinary approach involving specialists such as pulmonologists, radiologists, nutritionists, anesthesiologists, and cardiologists, alongside surgeons. Preoperative preparation, including CT abdominopelvic studies and interventions like PPP and botox injections, can optimize outcomes and mitigate complications. Controlling abdominal pressure during preparation and surgery is crucial to prevent complications like abdominal compartment syndrome and respiratory distress.
Collaborative planning over 3-4 weeks before surgery is essential to ensure comprehensive evaluation and preparation, minimizing risks during the procedure and enhancing postoperative recovery. By integrating various specialties and employing proactive measures, such as PPP and controlled abdominal pressure, the surgical team can optimize outcomes and minimize complications associated with large ventral hernia repair.