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Localization studies
Preoperative localization is an important step in this surgery.
Historically a bilateral neck exploration was performed. Noninvasive
preoperative imaging techniques, such as USG, MIBI (99mTc sestamibi
scintigraphy) or CT (computed tomography) are commonly used while
diagnosing thyroid pathologies.
SURGERY
Surgery is performed under general anesthesia and the proper positioning of the patient is key to prepare the surgical field. Proper positioning involves a supine position with the neck extended and both arms at the sides.
The solitary adenoma normally appears to be enlarged in size and discolored and without injuring the recurrent nerve it is divided from the surrounding tissue.
Open MIP
This is the most common minimally invasive technique for parathyroidectomy. It is based on a central incision of 2.5 to 3 cm. As it is done with conventional parathyroidectomy platysma is divided and muscles are separated to identify the thyroid gland. With a medial rotation the parathyroid gland can be exposed.
Radio-guided parathyroidectomy
The patient receives technetium-99m sestamibi 2-4 hours prior to surgery and with a gamma probe an intraoperative localization of the affected gland can be performed.
Video-assisted MIP
In this approach a small transverse incision of 1.5 to 2 cm is made 2cm above the sternal notch. Once the thyroid gland is dissected and rotated medially a 5-mm endoscope and dissection instruments are inserted through the single incision. Advantages of this technique include a small incision and central access that permits further parathyroid or thyroid resection if necessary. Adenoma size needs to be less than 3 cm.
Endoscopic MIP
There are two different approaches: the anterior one and the lateral. In the anterior approach, a trocar is used to pass a 5-mm endoscope through a small central incision with CO2 insufflation and two or three trocars are placed for instrumentation. Then the dissection is performed beneath the platysma and muscles are retracted to visualize the thyroid.
In the lateral approach, a 12 mm incision is made along the anterior sternocleidomastoid, 4 cm above the sternal notch. Then the dissection plane is created above the prevertebral fascia.
Complications
Parathyroid surgery has a low complication rate, and minimally invasive surgery decreases the risk of them.
– Hematoma: Postoperative hematoma compresses the trachea and causes venous congestion and subsequent airway compromise.
– Recurrent Laryngeal nerve injury: Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in paresis or palsy of the vocal cord causing hoarseness when an unilateral damage is produced or airway occlusion when a bilateral damage is produced.
– Hypocalcemia: Most hypocalcemia is transient and permanent hypocalcemia is rare. When this hypocalcemia is not corrected it may cause tetany, cardiac dysrhythmia and seizures.